法规依据、BALCA 判例与合规实务(2025版)
问题缘起:SWA “Potential Match” 是“应聘人”吗?
在 PERM 劳工认证招聘中,雇主必须在工作所在地对应的 SWA 发布 30 天 Job Order,并在结束后 30–180 天内递交 ETA-9089(期间需完成所有法定招聘并预留“安静期”用于收件与评估)。GovInfo
CFR-2025-title20-vol3-sec656-17
法规要求雇主“善意”考虑美国工人,但如何界定“申请人”,尤其是 SWA 系统自动“匹配推送(potential match)”并未主动按 Job Order 指示投递的人,是否要一律联系?eCFR
关键答案来自两处权威:
- DOL 官方 FAQ明言:雇主只需考虑/联系那些“按雇主在 Job Order 指定方式主动投递”的申请人;对仅被系统“匹配”的人员,无强制联系义务。DOLAILA
- BALCA 判例(Matter of Usmania,2015):被州劳工局“匹配”到 Job Order 的个人不构成 PERM 意义上的“申请人”。The Board of Alien Labor Certification Appeals (“BALCA”) recently considered whether candidates that a state workforce agency matched to an open position must be considered applicants for purposes of preparing a recruitment report as part of the PERM process. In Matter of Lakha Enterprises, Inc., the employer submitted a labor certification case for the position of “Cook.” The case was selected for supervised recruitment. The employer submitted documentation that a job order was placed with the Illinois State Workforce Agency (“ISWA”) and that the number of matches was 0 and the number of recruiting outcomes was 20. In preparing the recruitment report, the employer did not list the candidates who were listed by the ISWA as part of the recruiting outcome because these candidates did not affirmatively apply for the job. Rather, these candidates only “inquired about the job posting by viewing it, and did not actually apply for the job.” The Department of Labor denied the case on the basis that these 20 candidates were not listed in the recruitment report. In reviewing the case, BALCA considered the DOL’s FAQ’s which state that an “employer is responsible for considering / contacting those applicants who have affirmatively provided a response as specified by the employer in the job order.” BALCA found that the job order in this case instructed applicants to apply through submitting a resume to the employer. However, none of the 20 candidates submitted a resume. Thus, they did not affirmatively apply for the position. BALCA reversed the denial on the basis that these 20 individuals were not actually candidates for the position because they did not affirmatively apply for it. This case establishes that individuals who are matched to an employer who has submitted a job order as part of the PERM recruitment process will not be considered applicants unless they actually apply for the posted position.
SWA 自动匹配 ≠ 正式应聘。是否联系,属于合规与风险管理的选择,非硬性法定义务(但见下文“最佳实践”)。
法规坐标与时间窗
- SWA Job Order:必须在拟雇佣地的 SWA 连续发布 30 天;结束日起算 30–180 日为可递交窗口。
- 招聘“善意”考虑:雇主必须对美国工人进行真实、不带歧视的善意审查与面试;面试/评估人应是公司通常负责同类岗位招聘的人。eCFR
- 材料留存:包括招聘报告、收/拒件与通讯记录在内的全部支持性文件须保存 5 年。Legal Information Institute
对比提示(易混点):H-2B 规则对“所有申请或经 SWA 转介的美国工人”的记录与联系要求远严于 PERM;雇主需在招录报告中逐一列明姓名、联系方式与处置结果。不要把 H-2B 的“必须联系所有转介”误套用到 PERM。DOLeCFR
判例与执法口径对“是否联系匹配推送”的启示
- Usmania(BALCA,2015):IL 州 SWA 的“匹配对象”不是 PERM 意义上的“申请人”。该案确立了“非主动应聘者不自动转化为需纳入招聘报告的应聘人”。
- Kyyba(BALCA,2016)/CEO Ally(BALCA,2016)等:虽非专门讨论“匹配”,但强调招聘必须真实对外开放、对“疑似符合”的简历应做进一步合理核实,以体现善意与审慎。对真正收到且“有合理前景符合”者,应跟进核查。
实务要点:没有“按指定方式投递”= 不构成申请人(FAQ+Usmania)。但若系统推送者“高度匹配”,选择性外联并留痕能更好地应对审计对“善意考虑”的质疑。
我们建议的“合规+风控”处理框架
A. 标准化判定:谁是“申请人”?
- 满足二要素方构成申请人:
- 按 Job Order 指定方式主动递交/回应;且
- 企业实际收到材料(或通过 SWA 转递到雇主端的正式投递)。
- 仅为“匹配推送”:记录在案,但不自动纳入“申请人池”;是否外联,进入 B 步风险评估。
B. 风险评估:要不要联系“匹配推送”?
建议采用“三档分级”:
- 低匹配(核心硬性要求缺失):记录截图→不联系;在招聘报告“非申请人/未投递”栏注明来源与理由。
- 中等匹配(部分条件接近):可一次性模板外联(见下文),明确“如欲申请,请按 Job Order 路径递交”,设置统一回复期限(如 5–7 个工作日),并保存往来记录。
- 高度匹配(与最低要求高度一致):建议外联并留痕;若对方按指示完成正式投递,则转入“申请人”流程(筛选→面试→书面拒绝理由/录用)。
这样既不违背 FAQ/Usmania结论,又在审计时体现“善意+可审计”。
C. 招聘报告与留存(审计关键)
一步到位的操作清单(Checklist)
- Job Order 设置:在 SWA 平台明确投递路径(邮箱/ATS/邮寄地址),避免“投递方式含混”。
- 收件统一化:集中到合规邮箱/ATS;自动回执提示材料齐备与时限。
- SWA 推送归档:定期导出“匹配”列表与截图,标注“非申请人—未按指定路径投递”。
- 分级外联与时限:仅对“中/高匹配”发送标准外联,统一 5–7 个工作日失效。
- 面试与记录:对“正式申请人”安排评估/面试;逐项对照最低要求形成书面“拒绝理由”。
- 最终报告与 5 年留存:招聘报告+外联记录+系统日志齐备归档。
标准外联邮件模板(供复制)
Subject: [Job Title] – SWA Potential Match Interest Confirmation
Dear [Name],
We were notified by the State Workforce Agency system that your profile may match our [Job Title] in [City, State].
If you wish to apply, please submit your application exactly as specified in the SWA job order: [application method/URL/email] by [deadline]. Only submissions made through the specified method will be considered as applications.
Thank you for your interest.
Sincerely,
[Employer/Recruiter Name] | [Title] | [Email/Phone]
说措辞强调“需按 Job Order 指定方式申请”→ 与 DOL FAQ 保持一致;既展现善意,也不会把“非申请人”自动转化为“申请人”。
常见问答(FAQ)
Q1:职位在 Illinos,SWA 为什么给我推送其他州的“匹配”?
A:各州系统匹配逻辑不同;关键在于 Job Order 必须由“拟雇佣地”对应的 SWA 发布。外州匹配可归档,但不改变申请人认定标准。
Q2:如果推送简历“非常符合”,不联系会不会被 DOL 挑战?
A:法规/FAQ 并未强制联系“匹配推送”;但从善意招聘与审计风控出发,我们建议对“高匹配”做一次性外联并留痕。若对方未按指示投递,仍不构成申请人。
Q3:PERM 是否像 H-2B 一样必须联系所有“转介”工人?
A:不是。H-2B 对“被转介/申请者”逐一记录并联系的要求更严格,不可类推至 PERM。
合规要点与误区提示
- 不要把“系统推送”直接放进“申请人”池;先看是否按指定方式投递。
- 不要忽略对正式投递的美国工人进行“善意评估+书面理由”。
- 不要混淆 PERM 与 H-2B 的“转介/联系”义务。
- 务必留存5 年全链路证据(报告、外联、日志、截图、拒绝理由)。
我们能提供的专业支持
大为律师事务所(Wang Law LLC)长期为跨国与初创企业提供 PERM 全流程合规服务:
- 招聘合规设计:Job Order 文案校核、媒体组合、时间窗与“安静期”排程;
- 审计级档案体系:申请人定义、拒绝理由模板化、外联与日志系统化、5 年留存方案;
- 争议与审计应对:RFI/Audit 策略、BALCA 判例运用、证据结构化与答辩。
芝加哥:312-519-1115| Email:info@wanglaw.com| 网站:wanglaw.com